THE MONUMENT

Overview of The Rizal National Monument

Discover the profound historical significance and enduring beauty of The Rizal National Monument, a revered national landmark nestled within the expansive Rizal Park (Luneta) in Ermita, Manila. This iconic site serves not only as a majestic national monument but also as the solemn tomb of the Philippines' greatest national hero, Jose Rizal. Designed by the distinguished Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling and unveiled in 1913, this sculptural masterpiece features a compelling cast bronze statue of Rizal positioned atop a sturdy granite base. The monument is further enriched by intricate allegorical figures and crowned with a stately granite obelisk, beneath which Rizal's precious remains are interred. Its strategic location near the very site of Rizal's execution, adjacent to the historic Independence Flagpole, and directly across from the significant Kilometer Zero marker, profoundly underscores its immense historical and symbolic importance to the entire Filipino nation.

Symbol of National Pride and Global Recognition

Majestically standing as the undisputed centerpiece of Luneta Park in Manila, the Rizal Monument transcends being a mere national landmark; it stands as a profound and enduring symbol of deep Philippine national pride and an everlasting testament to the indelible legacy of its national hero, Dr. Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realanda. Revered globally as one of Asia’s most influential leaders and celebrated as the ultimate pride of the Malay race, Rizal’s profound impact is universally acknowledged. His memory is honored with numerous monuments erected across the globe, from various states within the United States of America to Canada, Tokyo, China, Hong Kong, Sydney, and Germany. A meticulously crafted replica stands proudly in Madrid, Spain, serving as a poignant mirror to the very monument that graces the heart of Luneta. This awe-inspiring 14-meter-high edifice, aptly christened “Motto Stella”—a Latin phrase meaning “Guiding Star”—was brought to life through the visionary design of the distinguished Swiss sculptor Dr. Richard Kissling.

Historical Background and Design Competition

The monument’s captivating history is intricately woven with an international design competition, meticulously organized to conceive a truly fitting and everlasting tribute to Rizal’s unparalleled contributions. The genesis of its construction can be traced back to September 28, 1901, a pivotal date when the United States Philippine Commission officially enacted Act No. 243. This crucial legislative act not only mandated the erection of a grand monument to honor Dr. Jose Rizal at the hallowed site of his execution but also designated it as the sacred final resting place for his precious remains. To meticulously oversee and bring this monumental vision to fruition, a dedicated and influential committee was thoughtfully established, notably including Rizal’s own devoted brother, Paciano. Between the years 1905 and 1907, this committee embarked on an ambitious endeavor, orchestrating a global design competition that extended invitations to the most acclaimed sculptors from both the artistic centers of Europe and the burgeoning creative landscape of the United States. Among a plethora of impressive and diverse entries, the design titled “Al Martir de Bagumbayan,” conceptualized by the talented Italian artist Prof. Carlo Nicoli, initially garnered the coveted first place. However, due to unforeseen and intricate contractual complexities, the prestigious commission was subsequently bestowed upon the second-prize winner, Dr. Richard Kissling, the gifted Swiss artist whose vision would ultimately shape this national treasure. Kissling’s winning design, meticulously rendered from robust, unpolished granite and gleaming bronze, has since transcended its material composition to become an enduring emblem. It powerfully reflects Rizal’s deeply held principles of simplicity and profound humility. While Nicoli’s original marble design might have indeed presented a more overtly luxurious and ornate aesthetic, the chosen monument, with its understated elegance and profound symbolism, perfectly encapsulates the very values that Rizal himself championed throughout his extraordinary life, thereby rendering it a profoundly fitting, authentic, and universally cherished tribute to the national hero.

Symbolism of "Motto Stella"

The “Motto Stella” stands as a veritable masterpiece, brimming with intricate symbolism, where each element is thoughtfully chosen to convey deeper meanings about Rizal’s multifaceted life, his intellectual prowess, and the arduous yet ultimately triumphant Philippine struggle for independence. The monument prominently features Dr. Jose Rizal, depicted in a stately overcoat, his figure exuding an aura of quiet strength and contemplative resolve. In his hand, he firmly holds a book, a powerful visual representation of his seminal novels, Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo. These literary masterpieces were not merely works of fiction; they were incisive critiques and poignant calls to action that served as pivotal instruments, igniting and vigorously fueling the Philippine people’s fervent fight for liberation from the oppressive Spanish colonial rule. Rising majestically behind Rizal, a striking obelisk reaches skyward, subtly yet powerfully reflecting his significant Masonic ties—an often-overlooked yet profoundly influential aspect of his intellectual and philosophical journey. Adorning the monument are three resplendent gold-plated stars, strategically positioned to symbolize the three major island groups that constitute the beautiful archipelago of the Philippines: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, thereby representing the unity and geographical breadth of the nation. Further enriching its profound narrative, the monument intricately incorporates sculpted figures that emphasize core societal values, echoing Rizal’s own teachings and aspirations for his country. A tender and evocative scene depicts a nurturing mother lovingly tending to her child, positioned alongside two eager young boys engrossed in the act of reading. These powerful visual elements collectively underscore the paramount importance of family as the bedrock of society and the transformative power of education—both principles that Rizal himself vehemently championed as indispensable foundations for national progress, enlightenment, and enduring prosperity. Additional delicate yet meaningful details, such as the exquisitely carved leaves and a gracefully positioned pot at the monument’s rear, elegantly celebrate the rich and diverse natural resources of the Philippines, highlighting the nation’s inherent natural beauty, its agricultural bounty, and its ecological heritage.

Journey of Rizal's Remains

The journey of Rizal’s physical remains to their final, hallowed resting place beneath this magnificent monument is a deeply poignant and historically significant chapter in the monument’s narrative. Following his unjust execution, his remains were initially, and secretly, interred at the serene Paco Park, a quiet refuge away from prying eyes. They remained hidden there until the year 1898 when they were reverently exhumed and carefully safeguarded by his devoted family for more than a decade, awaiting the appropriate time for a more dignified interment. It was during the solemn and highly anticipated cornerstone laying ceremony on December 30, 1912, that Dr. Jose Rizal’s remains were finally, and with immense reverence, interred beneath the monument, at last finding their permanent and sacred sanctuary. The shrine itself was officially unveiled precisely one year later, on December 30, 1913, a date chosen to commemorate Rizal’s 17th death anniversary, marking a significant milestone in the nation’s history. This momentous occasion was further cemented by the symbolic renaming of Luneta Park to what is now proudly and universally known as Rizal Park, thereby solidifying its identity as the ultimate national tribute to the hero.

Enduring Legacy and Preservation

Today, the Rizal Monument stands as an unyielding beacon of national pride, an indispensable pilgrimage site, and an essential landmark for both the Filipino people and countless international visitors who seek to understand the nation’s soul. It is continuously guarded with solemn reverence and unwavering vigilance by the esteemed Philippine Marine Corps, their presence symbolizing the nation’s profound and unwavering respect for its hero. The monument is perpetually adorned with vibrant floral tributes during significant national holidays, distinguished state visits by foreign dignitaries, and various other solemn commemorations, serving as a powerful, living testament to Rizal’s enduring influence, his timeless ideals, and the Philippines’ steadfast commitment to the principles of freedom and justice he championed. The National Parks Development Committee (NPDC) plays a crucial and unwavering role in ensuring the meticulous preservation, diligent maintenance, and expert management of this revered historical site, alongside other significant and beautiful parks in Manila, such as the tranquil Paco Park. Through their dedication, the NPDC meticulously upholds the dignity, historical integrity, and educational value of these national treasures, ensuring that they remain pristine and inspiring for all future generations of Filipinos and visitors worldwide.